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Sustainability

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Abstract

To aid understanding of the concept of Sustainability, this article presents a series of diagrams, theoretical background, examples and engineering guidelines. Sustainability as the scientific approach to production, which understands the variables of it’s environment rather than simply exploiting it. Offers a fresh perspective on the design of systems of production, which are better able to serve their purpose and are more economical on the long run. Sustainability is a necessity as well as a logical next step.

Introduction

Though Sustainability is a relatively well accepted concept[1], it is often understood as simply spending more on recycling or reducing demand until the criteria are met. As such it is not difficult to understand why many people do not find it a particularly exciting prospect[2]. Yet we, Technocrats find it not only necessary but also inspirational. In this article I will try to explain why this is so. To us, Sustainability is more than simply criteria to be met. Sustainability is a philosophy[3], a way of designing whole systems of production, a system with powerful advantages[4], with primarily only design costs.

Part 1 – Concept diagrams

First let’s quickly overview the past to help us understand the terms. The idea is to deliver energy to the end users. This energy (lightning icons) may take the form of foods and fuels, as well as tools and other general usefulness. Typically energy cannot be used in it’s original form and has to be converted by packaging it in something. These packages (closed packet icons plus lightning icons) are the products we use and using them spends the energy contained within them, leaving the package used to deliver it behind (open packet icons). This simplified explanation describes a system that is both essential and characteristic of many forms of life, though in the case of humans it is also present in the technological production and consumption system. It’s purpose is letting us survive in a varied environment.

For example, in order to keep fed we require energy that originally comes from the sun. Plants package this energy into complex organic molecules[5], which we eat releasing the energy, but also producing waste[6]. This works in another scenario as well, for example if we require hammers. Energy goes into the production of hammers, which we then use until they are rendered useless in effect spending some of the energy put into constructing them, at this point they become waste.

Unsustainable systems

Here is a schematic of an old capitalist system of production:

The process is divided into simpler tasks, done by different groups of people. The “FACTORY” in this case takes energy from a source, and produces the required packages[7], while the “USER” is the end user that opens the packages, uses the energy. The old capitalist system of production does not take care of recycling, hence the empty containers of energy and piled up on garbage dumps[8]. This is a textbook example of an unsustainable system, but is still widely used for most products.

Unsustainable systems with recycling

However, as people slowly ran out of places to put the garbage, the idea of recycling has become more popular. Hence the modern capitalist system of production:


Some of the energy from the environment is not packaged and is instead used to recycle some of the used containers. However this is seen as reducing the amount of energy available to the end user and is hence unpopular in systems with high demand for energy. A limit is typically maintained on the amount of energy spend for recycling, which keeps the system unsustainable.[9]

Sustainable systems

What we need is a fresh start. Here is a diagram of a technocratic system of production:


Here the train of thought changes. We no longer have a linear progression of energy –> FACTORY –>package –> USER –> waste, instead we have a cycle where all we do is deliver the energy to the end user (“USER” ) and have our factory take care of it’s delivery. The “FACTORY” has changed roles from an energy converting service into an energy delivery service. The significance of the new view is in the design of such systems. In order to be able to construct a working “FACTORY” we must ensure that it’s inputs are available and that it’s outputs are usable. In a capitalistic system of production, we could easily design a factory that is not sustainable, so long as an energy source and end user was available. In the technocratic view this is however no longer possible as the “FACTORY’s” main function is now also to reuse the empty containers, the cycle must be complete for such a factory to be able to exist.

Part 2 – Understanding the diagrams

The significance of the new model is in the different way of thinking involved in it.

To better understand the difference between them, it is important to appreciate the thought process involved in working with each of them in reality.

Unsustainable systems

In implementation, the old capitalist system of production is typically broken down in this way:


These separate frames are typically designed and managed by different people and may therefore grow or shrink independently of each other, despite being tied together. In a world where the consumption frame has grown dramatically[10], while the production frame has been keeping up with relatively good success, the waste management has been lagging behind unable to handle the increasing amounts of waste[11]. It has become an undesired element of discussion when considering the potentials for economic growth; is often considered to be the limiting factor and is therefore often being neglected or ignored. The problem in this view is that all it takes to create an imbalance which results in the ecological problems we face today, is to be ignorant of other people’s problems, and this is simply too easy.

Sustainable systems

What we need is a fresh start. Here is a diagram of a technocratic system of
production:

Here the train of thought changes. We no longer have a linear progression of energy –> FACTORY –>package –> USER –> waste, instead we have a cycle where all we do is deliver the energy to the end user (“USER” ) and have our factory take care of its delivery. The “FACTORY” has changed role from an energy converting service into an energy delivery service. The significance of the new view is in the design of such systems. In order to be able to construct a working “FACTORY” we must ensure that it’s inputs are available and that it’s outputs are usable. In a capitalistic system of production, we could easily design a factory that is not sustainable, so long as an energy source and end user was available. In the technocratic view this is however no longer possible as the “FACTORY’s” main function is now also to reuse the empty containers, the cycle must be complete for such a factory to be able to exist.

Part 2 – Understanding the diagrams

The significance of the new model is in the different way of thinking involved in it.

To better understand the difference between them, it is important to appreciate the thought process involved in working with each of them in reality.

Unsustainable systems

In implementation, the old capitalist system of production is typically broken down in the above diagram.

These separate frames are typically designed and managed by different people and may therefore grow or shrink independently of each other, despite being tied together. In a world where the consumption frame has grown dramatically[10], while the production frame has been keeping up with relatively good success, the waste management has been lagging behind unable to handle the increasing amounts of waste[11]. It has become an undesired element of discussion when considering the potentials for economic growth; is often considered to be the limiting factor and is therefore often being neglected or ignored. The problem in this view is that all it takes to create an imbalance which results in the ecological problems we face today, is to be ignorant of other people’s problems, and this is simply too easy.

Sustainable systems

Take a look how with a different perspective, things begin to change:

Here the roles have changed somewhat. To the consumer little has changed, but it is now part of the design of the production environment to take care of supplying the consumer with content, and simply cycle the products that contain it. Like in the old approach, the energy requirements of the consumers are satisfied and held back by the capacity of the production environment, but since now the task of the production is no longer to simply stack consumers up with products, but instead to cycle the containers using which the production delivers energy, food, usefulness, entertainment (etc) to the consumers, the growth of the production no longer corresponds with ecological and sustainability problems. In fact, so long as the production is properly designed according to this way of thinking, this is never a problem.

Part 3 – Examples

Fossil fuels

One of the most obvious examples of the difference between sustainability and unsustainability is the energy development industry. This is what we most commonly understand under the word “Sustainability”, we tend to think of solar cells and wind turbines as technologies for sustainable energy development and fossil fuel technologies as examples of unsustainable ones. However this is not entirely true, for with proper system design, fossil fuel technologies may also be used for sustainable energy development! Let us take a look at some examples how.

In a typical approach, fossil fuel technology relies on there being fossil fuels in the ground, which were produced by a chemical conversion[12] of buried plant life[13] tens of thousands of years ago. They thus proceed by extracting these fossil fuels from the ground as a form of production, which are then burned with atmospheric oxygen within our vehicles and power plants as a form of consumption, resulting in waste carbon dioxide and water in the form of vapor released into the atmosphere[14]. Fossil fuel technologies are widely popular for the high energy density of the products accessible (5,139.5 kJ/mol for gasoline)[15] to the consumers and ease of use.

This is obviously an unsustainable design as eventually, we will run out of fossil fuels[16] and atmospheric oxygen, and saturate our atmosphere with too much waste carbon dioxide[14] for us to survive in. Yet the advantages of fossil fuels are there for all to see and fossil fuels at the moment are still the preferred fuel to be used in mobile energy users.

Understanding this, we have instead designed a sustainable system to replace it. Our designs suggest growing algae and using the resulting biomass in a biogas generator. This process produces biogas and the growing algae release oxygen into the atmosphere. The biogas can then be burned in vehicles and power plants as fuel using atmospheric oxygen as usual, releasing carbon dioxide and water in the form of vapour into the atmosphere.

This is a sustainable design. The generator provides a constant stream (in the long run) of biogas, the oxygen used up in burning it is replaced by the growing algae and the released carbon dioxide is actually required for growing algae[5]. Because none of these processes make or destroy matter, all the quantities add up to equal amounts, meaning that burning biogas produced in this manner does not produce any waste or require any fuels that are not already part of this system and constantly cycle, maintaining each other. Biogas also has the relatively high energy density (890 kJ/mol)[17] and is very simple to use like fossil fuels, by burning. If this were to be in widespread use, minimal alterations would have to be made to the vehicles currently in use[18].

Our designs were made with sustainability in mind. This system isn’t simply another technology, it’s the same technology used differently. Biogas generators have been in use for years in different areas of fossil fuel use and waste recycling[19]. What is different about our design is that the original intention was not how to produce more fuels or recycle more wastes, it was how do we deliver the same advantages of fossil fuels to the consumer without a catch. And this is also the point of the Sustainable philosophy, you do not provide products, you provide advantages.

Record industry

Similar improvements could be apparent in other industries, resulting from the different way of thinking during the design of their systems of production. Take the record industry for example, currently this is an industry challenged with technology of the day, where their main area is stacking up their costumers with optical media (CDs and DVDs) which are now obsolete and provide their costumers with no obvious advantage, given other technology of the day. If the record industry had planned with Sustainability in mind their purpose would instead be delivering multimedia content to the consumers, rather than discs. If this were the case one would assume they would have come up with the idea of using a communications network for the purpose a long time ago.

Serving drinks

For a most down to earth example of the differences in thinking, let’s look at the area of serving drinks automatically. The vending machines in use for this purpose today offer your drink in a colourfully printed single-use can or single-use thin plastic cup, convincing you to drink it with large advertisements. This is because from the provider’s point of view, the point is in selling as many as possible and all comfort and ecological concerns are secondary to that. In a Sustainable design, the industry’s focus would be on supplying the consumers with drinks, rather than selling them as many cans as possible. In this approach attention could shift to providing better drinks and comfort of use (drinks could be served in comfortable reusable mugs rather than single use cups), advantages good for the consumer, rather than colourful cans and advertising, which offer no advantage for the consumer. The reasons for this are: Firstly, the provider will be encouraged to look for cheaper ways to deliver drinks with minimal overhead, secondly the provider littering the consumer’s living space will not seem acceptable to the consumer, thirdly the consumer’s right to interact with the provider will not abruptly end on purchasing a product as the sold will be a service rather than an individual product.

It is noteworthy that Sustainability in this case also has clear advantages for the provider. The drop of of sales here is an illusion, as it is realistically very unlikely the consumers will ever buy more drinks than they desire simply due to being tricked into it. Sustainability ensures more permanent and reliable consumer relationships, which provide a dependable stream of income.

Part 4 – Sustainable design

Ultimately the place where the change in way of thinking makes the biggest difference is in the mind of the engineer responsible for designing these systems of production. Here are some recommendations:

  • Always keep up to date with newer technologies and obtain general understanding of the natural processes that can complement your production process to make it sustainable. Detailed understanding is not required for the educated guess expected of you, yet basic understanding will allow you to see solutions to systemic problems you may have thought unsolvable (e.g. How to provide a sustainable option for a reliable source of electricity).
  • When doing feasibility studies, always consider and emphasize the sustainable option. Your costumer is relying on your expertise to provide solutions that are best for them and sustainability is excellent for all of us.
  • Sustainable solutions guarantee investment return. Be sure to mention that. Unsustainable solutions may seem cheaper on the short term, but will always have poorer investment return than sustainable solutions. An unsustainable solution has limited lifetime and often maintenance costs that depend on the market situation (cost of oil, electricity), while a sustainable solution is capable of generating a constant stream of return forever and maintain itself by design.
  • It is always possible to obtain a sufficient loan, to cover your initial investment. Sustainability is the smart option. It will pay out on the long run.

Conclusion

By properly understanding what Sustainability really means, we have moved the term away from being an expensive buzzword of the modern world. We have shown that Sustainability is in fact something that makes sense both in the engineering and economical sense. It is something that is good both for the industry as for the consumers. We have shown that Sustainability is not another nonsensical drain on your money that you are forced into by the ecologists, instead by taking it into account early enough into the design of the facilities of production, you can use it to increase your long term returns and lower the risks involved.

Eventually, all of our systems will have to be Sustainable if we want to survive. However, it is important that we start now. Sustainable solutions may not remove the environmental damage we have already caused, but they will begin to remove the cause, before the effects become too taxing. By starting to design systems with Sustainability in mind now, we allow us the chance of a smooth transition from exploiting our environment, to using it intelligently. There is nothing to loose.

References

  1. ↑ U.S. Department of Commerce. Carbon Cycle Science. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory.
  2. ↑ Macy, J. & Young Brown, M. 1998. Coming Back to Life: Practices to Reconect Our Lives, Our World. New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island. ISBN 0-86571-391-X
  3. ↑ Sustainability is an attitude, says new coordinator
  4. ↑ Sustainability and Society by Dr. Andrew Wallace PhD, Network of European Technocrats article archive
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 D.A. Bryant & N.-U. Frigaard, Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated
  6. ↑ Glossary of Terms Used in Bioinorganic Chemistry: Catabolism
  7. ↑ Moffatt, Mike. (2008) About.com Meta-production function] Economics Glossary – Terms Beginning with M. Accessed June 19, 2008.
  8. ↑ Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (1962)
  9. ↑ The Garbage Primer by The League of Women Voters (1993), ISBN: 1558218507
  10. ↑ Deaton, Angus (1992). Understanding Consumption. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198288247.
  11. ↑ Green Ontario: Solid Waste
  12. ↑ Fossil fuel
  13. ↑ Canada’s Fossil Fuel Dependency
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 US EPA.2000. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-1998, Rep. EPA 236-R-00-01. US EPA, Washington, DC, http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming
  15. ↑ Bond energies by Larry Chamusco (1997)
  16. ↑ M. King Hubbert on Peak Oil (1976)
  17. ↑ Schaum’s Outline Series, Organic Chemistry
  18. ↑ Ammonia NH3 pdf, NH3_bus_1945_JInstPetrol31_Pg213, Ammonia_as_H2_carrier1, ris-r-1504.pdf, Claverton Energy Group
  19. ↑ An introduction to anaerobic digestion, www.anaerobic-digestion.com, retrieved 17.08.07